Funding of Media Venture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Financing of Media Venture - Essay Example It is the fundamental worry of the accompanying paper to talk about with instances of the key prerequisites for, and deterrents confronted when, looking for financing for a media adventure. For a media firm to have the option to make sure about financing, one of the prerequisites much of the time is a marketable strategy which contains a strong business idea. This is on the grounds that the subsidizing organizations like the contributors, banks or backers expect an arrival out of the assets they put resources into the media adventure. Thus, they accept that a media firm with a decent business idea would have the option to contend adequately with other media firms and at long last make benefit. In any case, the media firms that don't have sound business ideas will by and large think that its difficult to gain reserves since they are seen to be hazardous organizations that may not contend successfully in the media business. A decent business idea for this situation will remember subtle ties of the triumphant item and administrations for type of value promotion and imaginative intuition by the media work force particularly the columnists, the moderators and journalists. Hewlett-Packard Company for instance necessitated that those media organizations that look for subsidizing must initially guarantee that they have a sound marketable strategy. Item suitability is another key necessity that investors will in general gander at before giving subsidizing to the media firms. They first gander at the likelihood of accomplishment of the item that the media needs to offer in the market. On the off chance that they understand that the items that the media needs to offer have high odds of accomplishment, the assets will be furnished without hardly lifting a finger since they accept that their ventures won't be placed in a business that is excessively dangerous with restricted odds of endurance. Picard noted on the opposite that investors are as a rule hesitant to give assets to media firms on the off chance that they build up that the items on offer have extremely low odds of success2. Capital Threshold Most organizations that give subsidizing to media adventures necessitate that the last have a given sum as a major aspect of their money related base before they can be offered reserves. This circumstance was seen when HP Company reported their subsidizing project to web new companies in which they required intrigued media organizations to have a money related base of $250000 in capital before they could be considered for funding3. This capital limit is intended to demonstrate the reality of the media organization. The capital base likewise guarantees that the organization can give security to its clients and customers before the business can get. This implies those media organizations that were looking for subsidizing to wander into the internet providers however came up short on the expressed sum couldn't get assets from Hewlett-Packard4. Consistence w ith Government Regulations Before the media adventure can be furnished with subsidizing from outside sources, they are regularly required to be in consistence with government guidelines and policies5. This is to guarantee that the business that is being financed is a legitimate element and works inside the lawful structure. The media adventures that consent to the administration guidelines give indications of earnestness in working together instead of those that neglect to go along. The individuals who give subsidizing to

The BCS system versus the playoff system Free Essays

The NCAA division 1-A football is not the same as the remainder of the games in that it utilizes the BCS framework to decide its heroes rather than the ordinary season finisher framework. The BCS incorporates a surveying framework to decide the two best groups in the nation, who at that point play against one another at a bowl game and the group that successes turns into the general national boss. It has been said to be an entangled recipe and less favored than the play off framework. We will compose a custom article test on The BCS framework versus the season finisher framework or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Supporters of the reception of a season finisher framework in the progressing banter contend that the BCS framework is making the football fans to miss the significant level of fervor that is typically there in different competitions. Others state that the genuine hero must be resolved in the field, so the BCS framework ought to be reviled. This is an all around put express, in that out of the conceivable 28 games, just one game tallies. On the off chance that a play off framework was embraced, at that point the fans would have 16 group season finisher matches to watch, which is clearly considerably more energizing contrasted with observing only one deciding game. (Bruce Varnadore, Will College football ever have a season finisher? ) The BCS framework was adjusted in 2004 and some victor determinants, for example, the records set by the group, how solid their timetable is and quantities of their successes were dispensed with. The new framework at that point included surveying, where the mentors and the Associated Press essayists were required to cast a ballot so as to decide the heroes. This implies the voter’s impact on who the victors ought to be in the present framework is 66%, contrasted with that of the old framework which was just a quarter, which exacerbates things than previously. (James Alder, About. com). The National Council of Athletic Association ought to receive the season finisher rather than the BCS framework that is still being used. It doesn't appear to comprehend that the best and most authentic way that a victor can be delegated is through setting up a season finisher framework. They may state that the BCS is a far much better approach to search for a victor among American schools, yet the reality of the situation is that it isn't. I accept that a victor ought to shield his title at the pitch through the activity he appears, not by being casted a ballot in. This would not just make a great deal of energy for the fans, however it would likewise give all the more significance and zeal to the start of the year. Contentions for the season finisher. The season finisher framework would create as much cash as the BSC framework. The evaluated money in streams are assessed to be between three to 400,000,000 dollars, and in the event that this cash was appropriated reasonably among all division 1-A schools, at that point each school could get roughly 2. 5 million dollars each season. (Bruce Varnadore, will school football ever have a season finisher? ) Deserving groups that have great players and who’ve got game are denied the opportunity to be in the opposition for the national title. Such groups as the BYU, a non gathering group, are not given an equivalent possibility and are along these lines forgotten about. This isn't just a misuse of ability, but on the other hand is shows shamefulness. The season finisher framework would set up who the boss is through a one on one rivalry among all the groups. This is the very much wanted bowl among numerous football fans. An ongoing assessment of public sentiment indicated that the vast majority incline toward the season finisher framework than the BSC framework. The outcomes were with the end goal that 82 percent of the respondents couldn't imagine anything better than to see an adjustment in the present bowl games framework, BSC to a season finisher. The season finisher framework has additionally been supported in light of the fact that it would at any rate limit the questions concerning who the national bosses ought to be regardless of whether it would not totally kill them. The gloss over framework would turn out similarly as fine as it does in the different season’s games. Those for the BSC framework have said that the season finisher would take a more drawn out season and understudy players would not have sufficient opportunity to focus on their scholarly work. Be that as it may, this isn't correct in light of the fact that the division 1-AA applies a 16 group season finisher framework, and most occasions completes ten days to the New Year, a lot sooner than the division 1-A games. It would likewise be a lot simpler to execute the previously mentioned framework similarly as the NCAA actualized the BSC framework. Contentions against the BSC framework. Right off the bat, the premise on which a national victor is chosen is unreasonable on the grounds that it depends on insights of people’s inclination and closely-held conviction rather on the exhibition in the pitch. Also, there have consistently been contentions on who the genuine victor ought to have been had the game not been decided on the surveys, yet on activity execution. Thirdly, only a solitary off game can make the group be killed from the title conflict, lastly, the minor non-BSC meeting groups are frequently burdened in light of the fact that they never find the opportunity to fight at the title games. These are simply yet a couple of the numerous inadequacies of the BSC framework that make the fanatics of the game miracle why the NCAA won’t simply embrace the season finisher framework. (James Alder, About. com). I think its time that the NCAA woke up, understand this is the 21st century and carry significantly greater fervor to the field. The vacant seats at a considerable lot of the bowl games ought to be sufficient pointers to them. Also, the possibility of â€Å"preserving the way of life and the respectability of bowl games† has been marked as a weak reason to abstain from actualizing the season finisher framework. They have to realize that football fans merit the sort of activity there used to be only a couple of years prior, from Rose, Sugar and Gator to the defining moments at Orange bowl. (Gilbert Don, College bowls on street to no place. ) Works Cited 1) Alder. J. BCS versus Season finisher System, 1/5/2006. About. com, Retrieved 1/15/2009 http://football. about. com/od/bowlchampionship/I/bcsvsplayoffs. htm 2) Gilbert Don, College bowls on street to no place, January fourth 2009, HOF blog, Retrieved 1/16/2009: http://blog. hofmag. com/2009/01/04/school bowls-on-street to-no place/3) Varnadore Bruce, will school football ever have a season finisher? 2003, College football, Retrieved 1/16/2009: http://iml. jou. ufl. edu/ventures/Spring03/Varnadore/record. htm The most effective method to refer to The BCS framework versus the season finisher framework, Papers

Childhood, Compliance, and Conflict The Characterization of Noboru in The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea - Literature Essay Samples

Yukio Mishima’s The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea follows the struggles of a young band of boys who strive to restore a sailor, Ryuji, to his former glory by taking his life and subjecting his remains to dissection. They became acquainted with the process by which they would come to achieve this task, following their brutal killing of a young cat. Reassured that there was ‘nothing to worry about,’ (Mishima 165) they believed the only discernable disparity between the dissection of a cat, a stray animal, and that of Ryuji, a grown man, lay in their physical size, as implied in their chief’s apathetic contention that ‘the job’s a little bigger this time’ (Mishima 165), preceding their commencement of this task. Though the execution of such absurd and extreme measures would advert to a sense of heightened loyalty and honor with which these boys must have preached and practiced the pillars of their nihilistic mindset, Mishima const antly attributes the protagonist of this novel, Noboru, with behavioral traits and characteristics which depict him as a boy whose actions and relations with his fellow Nihilist friends, in particular, the Chief, that question his adherence to this way of thought. A scene of particular importance arises in Mishima’s attempt at detailing Noboru’s fascination with ships and maritime activity. Early on in the novel, Noboru’s character is treated as a child, detached and stripped off of any associations that can be made to his nihilist mentality. He recounts Noboru and Fusako’s first meeting with Ryuji aboard the Rukayo, which highlights a disparity between his demeanor in the absence and presence of, the Chief and his Nihilist friends. Mishima attributes the quality of ‘boyish excitement’ to Noboru in order to describe how greatly captivated he was with the prospect of touring an actual freighter. He is seen absorbing the happenings at the dockyards and soon after, playing around with the dials and buttons dispersed around the command cabin of the Rukayo. His characterization of Noboru, particularly in his placement of the word ‘boyish’, would appear redundant given that he was in all actualit y, a young boy. This direct emphasis on his juvenility serves to depreciate his Nihilist side, almost rendering it insignificant and absent. Additionally, when preoccupied with these toys of his maritime obsession, the need to remain mindful about staying in ‘character’ of his Nihilist self seemed to have escaped Noboru. Thus, the appointment of Noboru’s character in this setting served to undermine his practices of ‘absolute dispassion’ and in turn, his adherence to the nihilist way of thought. When confronted with the inquiries of a local guard while stationed under an overpass during one of their meetings, Noboru’s chief knowingly flaunts himself in a childish demeanor with ‘a scrubbed, school boy smile’. The feigned innocence with which he pretends to unconfidently contemplate something to say greatly contrasts the Chief’s regular, snippy and sharp self. Scrutinization by adults rendered the need to assert to them, their normality as children, something that the Chief and his gang accomplished by purposely behaving like children. Noboru’s behavior in the absence of the chief and the other members of their band appears genuine and corresponds with his young age. The detailed fabrication of the environment aboard the Rukayo from the narrative stance of Noboru suggests that his conduct there was sincere and his fascination with the ship absolute. However, when in the company of the chief and his gang, Mishima makes note to present such chil dlike qualities in Noboru as forcefully feigned and systematically thought out about by him, before actually being worn and made apparent to those in his company. For example, another scenario that sees Noboru exhibiting a childish demeanor is during Ryuyi’s parting with Noboru and his mother, to return aboard his freighter. As expected of a child, the words that escape Noboru seemed appropriate for his young age. He innocently requested of Ryuji to â€Å"use all different kinds of stamps† (Mishima 89), when reminding him to write back to them. The manner in which Mishima describes Noboru’s request to Ryuji aimed to show that he was â€Å"perfectly in command of his role† (Mishima 89). This sense of control over his conduct that Noboru displays during Ryuji’s farewell demonstrates that the nature of the child-like demeanors that adorns is relative based on who’s present around him. When in the company of their gang alone, Noboru has to contain any form of raw emotions that he would have otherwise let escape with their absence. The gang barricades itself from the display of all sentiments, and Noboru’s failure to heed to this tenet of ‘absolute dispassion’ in times beyond the scrutiny of his gang, questions both his loyalty to the gang itself, and his understanding of the nihilist ideology. Noboru’s reluctance to perceive his mother and his dead father as figures of authority, like a nihilist mindset would dictate him to do so, directly contradicts his acceptance of the Chief as the leader of their Nihilist gang. In essence, the Nihilist ideology dictates there to exist no system of class based governance in life and rejects of all forms of authority, and the absence of his father helped him ascertain this particular of Nihilist thought. To Noboru, in other words, the death of his father had been a ‘happy incident’ (Mishima 8). He believed society to be fiction, with fathers and teachers, ‘by virtue of being fathers and teachers, guilty of a grievous sin’ (Mishima 8), a belief that does not seem to justify why he still, along with the other members of his Nihilist gang, accept the Chief as their undisputed leader. Though against all roles of leadership and guidance, such as that of fathers and mothers, Noboru, and even the rest of his ga ng for that matter, had always preached the chief as their leader and guru on the Nihilist way of thought. He presents himself with a cold, stern charisma, correcting the thoughts of his apprentices, enlightening them about this world and leaving them unhesitant about internalizing the knowledge he imparts them with. The chief serves as the source of their understanding of nihilistic teachings, and is responsible for the way the gang, including Noboru, perceive the world. He seems to have adopted the role of a teacher, and the title by which they address him, ‘chief’, signifying a position of command or control, only further challenges Noboru and the gang’s understanding of Nihilist principles. A strong contrast between what Nihilist ideals appear in theory, and the boys’ approach to its practice, is evident from their relations with the Chief. In conclusion, this portrayal of Noboru by Mishima questions the honor with which Noboru and his friends practiced their Nihilist thought. The boys’ treatment of their Chief, and that of the adult world, does not differ. Noboru and his gang failed to recognize the fault in their interpretation and practice of the Nihilist way of thought; this is made clear by their acceptance of the Chief as a figure of authority. Mishima holds the ages of these boys as the sole facilitator of their inability to practice Nihilism as it is, as his emphasis on Noboru’s youth is almost repetitive. He seems to demonstrate how their juvenility and arrogance as self-proclaimed intellects blinds them from unearthing their misconceptions and incompetence in adhering to Nihilism.

Corruption In Cry, the Beloved Country, by Alan Paton Essay

Corruption is one of the most prevailing themes in Cry The Beloved Country, as well as in today’s world. In this story the author pictures many different characters in order to represent this wide spread illness of society, John Kumalo, Gertrude, Abasalom, just to name a few. Johannesburg itself is the summary of all that is wrong with cities of today. There is corruption and poverty. Crime runs rampant, and law-abiding citizens are forced to survive as they can. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; One of the most typical products of corruption in Cry The Beloved Country is John Kumalo. He has a woman living with him that he hasn’t married; he has no problems with hiring a lawyer that will lie, effectively condemning his nephew to death. His†¦show more content†¦As a matter of fact all the other corruption mentioned in the story is stemming from Johannesburg: John, Gertrude, Abasalom, crime, prostitution, racism, segregation. Johannesburg isn’t only corrupt in itself; it corrupts all most all that it touches. This city is very much a downscaled version of anyone of numerous major cities in the world today. It is a sad day when a man of the cloth cannot go unmolested through the streets. The city is overcrowded and everyone is so poor that they must stoop to rob priests just to feed themselves. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A good example of what this city does to a person is Gertrude, the most pathetic character in the book. She has been chewed up and spit out by a city that has no room for good black people. She went off in search of her husband and ended up by herself with â€Å"many husband’s† as Msimangu said. Gertrude must also sell illegal liquor and has gone to prison. Her child runs around ragged and dirty in the streets, with no education and no supervision or name. Gertrude is like Abasalom in that she is not corrupt at heart, but it was Johannesburg that turned her. At the end of the book she chooses to remain in Johannesburg instead of going to her home, with her child. She did this because she wanted her child to have a good life, but knew that she couldn’t go back when she was that corrupted. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This book very graphically describes all the filthShow MoreRelatedI Am Woman, Hear My Cry Essay1163 Words   |  5 Pagesto express themselves clearly and profoundly without speaking a word. The way a person sighs, cries, screams, or groans exposes his emotion and state of mind. It is a gift that all humans bear, this power to display emotion through instinctual sound. Novelist Alan Paton has a strong grasp on this aspect of the human condition, exemplifying this in his treatment of women in the novel Cry, the Beloved Country. In Paton’s stark, poetic prose, the mere manner in which a woman laughs or weeps symbolizesRead MoreThe Beloved Country By Alan Paton931 Words   |  4 PagesFamily in Cry, the Beloved Country One cannot run from hardships, for they occur every day, appear suddenly, and can quickly consume hope. Instead one must face these difficulties and overcome them. However, to rise above obstacles alone would only cause further misery and despair. The struggler’s family should rally behind him to comfort and assist him in his time of need. In Cry, the Beloved Country, a 1948 contemporary novel, Alan Paton uses parallelism to emphasize the importance of familyRead MoreCry, The Beloved Country By Alan Paton1155 Words   |  5 Pages Cry, The Beloved Country by Alan Paton is a stunning and all too accurate depiction of apartheid in South Africa. Even though the novel centers on John Kumalo and his struggling family, it subtly shows the social going ons of South Africa supposedly in 1948, when the book was written. Strong examples of this come across in the choral chapters of the novel. These chapters give voice to the people of South Africa. Chapter nine shows the struggles of being black during apartheid, chapter 12 shows theRead MoreComparison of Patons Cry, The Beloved Country and Conrads Heart of Darkness1357 Words   |  6 PagesIn Cry, the beloved country, Alan Paton tells the story of his journey across Africa, his experiences with the colonized Africa, and the destruction of the beautiful, pre-colonialism native land of Africa. Heart of Darkness also tells the story of a man and his experiences with colonialism, but a man who comes from a different time period and a very different background than Alan Paton’s Stephen Kumalo. Although, both Joseph Conrad and Alan Paton portray the colonized areas as very negative, deathRead MoreEssay on Cry the Beloved Country595 Words   |  3 PagesCry the Beloved Country â€Å"Cry for the broken tribe, for the law and the custom is gone. Cry, the beloved country, these things are not yet at an end (Paton, 105).† In Cry, the Beloved Country, it is 1946 and the land reserved for blacks in Ndotsheni, a part of South Africa, is drying up. In the novel written by Alan Paton, young men and women begin to leave Ndotsheni for the new city Johannesburg. One of those gone is John Kumalo, a businessman in Johannesburg and younger brother of StephenRead MoreCry, The Beloved Country1710 Words   |  7 Pages Alan Paton’s Cry, the Beloved Country takes place during the late 1940’s in Southern Africa. Specifically, in High Place, Ndotsheni, and Johannesburg. It takes place during a time of social change. There is racial inequality taking place during the late 1940’s. The novel shows what it was like to be living during this time. Cry, the Beloved Country has an urban and crowded feeling for most of the novel. This novel is written in past-tense, third-person omniscient point of view. Occasionally, theRead MoreAlan Paton s Cry, The Beloved Country1747 Words   |  7 PagesStalin’s brutal reign over Russia, and most significantly, the Nazi party. Fear has constantly been shown to possess and control people to engender dire consequences, much like it does in Alan Paton’s novel Cry, the Beloved Country. In his novel, Paton examines the negative impacts of fear, namely prejudice and corruption. Set in South Africa, the main character, reverend Stephen Kumalo, observes the stark contrast between his poor village and the cosmopolitan city of Johannesburg. Throughout the storyRead MoreTurmoil in South Africa in Cry the Beloved Country by Alan Paton626 Words   |  2 Pagesand turmoil of whites and blacks filled South Africa. A major theme that Alan Paton develops throughout the novel, Cry, the Beloved Country is the importance of acting with kindness. The author promotes the idea that kindness is a part of the solution to the problems in South Africa. Being able to be kind helps people understand one another which can help bring reform and hope to the small community of Ndotcheni. Alan Paton through the novel teaches the idea of love thy brother as yourself, as ChristRead MoreCry, The Beloved Country, By Alan Paton1373 Words   |  6 Pagesescape with various routes, but an escape that interestingly calls back to the nature of innocence and child-like questions. It is in this way that Alan Paton’s enduring novel, Cry, The Beloved Country, takes on a unique and refreshing approach to a basic question: that of the equality and dignity of all people. Throughout Cry, The Beloved Country, Paton exudes frequent references to childhood, a devout religiosity, and of course, a return to simple questions; all of which contribute the idea of innocence

13 Conversations - 924 Words

The Conquest of Happiness Ask yourself if you’re really happy and you might be surprised at what you find. Ask several people at various points in their lives and you will get a different answer. This is the premise behind the film â€Å"13 Conversations about One Thing†, a touching, poignant and in some moments, deeply philosophical film, directed by Jill Sprecher. The film interweaves five contemporary stories into a single narrative. It deals with the profound, often unintentional impact that people have on one another, while searching for a more meaningful and happier existence. As the characters lives collide, mesh, and bounce off one another we see how their lives are linked in moments of highs and lows. The movie finds connections†¦show more content†¦The other principle parts belong to Troy (Matthew McConaughey) and Beatrice (Clea Duvall). Troy is a hot shot attorney, out celebrating over a recent court victory. He is loud, obnoxious and, loves his job. He feels the greatest h appiness from his work and is very boisterous, as he says; he is celebrating â€Å"putting another bad guy away†. While ordering drinks at the bar, he meets Gene, an insurance adjuster who seems to be pessimistic about the possibility of happiness. Troy buys Gene a drink; he wants everybody to be happy. Gene tells Troy that happiness is not all it’s cracked out to be. Troy mocks him and then leaves to returns to his party, happier than ever. Troy doesn’t realize the implications of Gene’s cautionary tale about luck and happiness. On his way home, his life is jolted after a hit and run accident. He knows how much trouble he is in and instinctively leaves the scene. He is consumed by guilt, which spoils his ability to enjoy anything in life and to ever be happy again. It teaches us how our happiness can change in an instant and leaves us questioning how much of what we might call â€Å"luck† is involved in our happiness. In the following scene we meet Beatrice, an honest, optimistic young woman who has a sunny disposition on life. Beatrice works as a house cleaner for an agency and seems to enjoy her job, never complaining about the work sheShow MoreRelatedDiscourse Markers and Their Functions in Khorramabadi Variety of Lori673 Words   |  3 Pagesinvestigation concerning the use of DMs. This audio recorder recorded the voices of native participants in a high quality which anybody can hear any elements in the speakers’ voice. The participants in this study were not required to speak in a routine conversation like an interview; accordingly their speaking was recorded spontaneously. The participants were only required to retell the short story as they were telling the story for a child. PROCEDURE Every participant of the present study was given aRead MoreHow to Make People Like You Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pagesyou might find yourself becoming exponentially more popular. 1. 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Introduction to Management Operational Sectors of Organisation

Question: Explain the Introduction to Management for Operational Sectors of Organisation. Answer: Introduction: The modern business world is multi disciplinary. A number of companies are paying in the market with a diverse pattern of services as well as products. therefore, it can easily be understood that they have diverse pattern of operation, management, values, stakeholders, visions and missions. In the short span of this report the author has presented a dedicated and hones comparison between two selected companies, they are: CSL and Macquarie Group. Both the companies are Australia based. CSL can be identified as a globally operating bio-therapeutics organization that creates and provides innovative biotherapies to save lives, and assists individuals with critical medical conditions live the full lives. The company is now providing their major services in the countries like Australia, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Germany and the U.S. and many more. The company is now playing with a huge army of employees, which comprises almost 1600 employees (Csl.com.au 2016). On the other hand, the Mac quarie Group is an international financial service provider. The company is now operating in 28 countries. They are an investment-banking group (Macquarie.com 2016). The compare and contrast: The purpose of this part is to analyse the difference or the potential similarities between these two distinct business setups. The vision and mission: The vision or mission of a company can be identified as a written statement of the core purpose and focus of the organization. The companies which play is different sectors will surely have different mission statements. The mission statement of CSL: As mentioned in the annual report of the company, the mission statement of the organization can be identified as, to grow as an Australian public company with a specialization in the biological products benefitting Australian as well as international health care sector (Csl.com.au 2016). The mission statement of Macquarie Group: The company does not have a clearly sated mission statement. However, the website has stated that the companys approach to its governance is: To uphold the long term prosperity of the company while carefully managing risk; To follow and develop a sustainable and fine shareholder value over the future by aligning the interests the staffs and shareholders; To meet stakeholder outlook of firm corporate governance, to perform Macquaries broader responsibility to clients, shareholders, investors and the communities in which it operates (Macquarie.com 2016) Hence, from this discussion of the two companies mission statement, it can be reviewed that both the companies does not have any clearly stated or elaborately discussed vision or mission statements. On the other hand, it can be said that the between the two companies the latter one has a better clarity in their mission statement. In the mission of the first company there is no concentration on the stakeholders whereas, the latter one has provided a distinct value to the shareholders perspective. Now, as opined by Asquer (2015), it is important for the companies to set its vision or mission which comes under the SMART (specific, measurable, assignable, realistic, time related) framework. However, the mission statement of CSL cannot be claimed as specific. It does not include any specific area of the business operation for concentration. On the other hand, Macquarie Group has specified that they will focus on risk management, shareholders value and corporate governance. CSL has not provided any measurable indication of the mission statement. However, Macquarie Group has vaguely described some measures, like, risk management for profitability. None of the mission statements is assignable and time related. They do not have any indication, who will be responsible to achieve these missions. both the companies mission statement is realistic. However, both the companies have glorious pasts. As stated by Psaros and Seamer (2015) Macquarie Group was founded in 1969 with only three people, now they are operating globally. Over the years, the company has achieved a number of career milestones. It has earned high margins and has the label of The Millionaire Factory (Erkens et al. 2012). Hence, it can be said that their vision of creating long-term prosperity is a believable statement. The company is also focusing on the corporate governance since its inception. Hence, it can be said that the mission statement is believable and is adding value to the company profile. On the other hand, as mentioned by Maitland (2013) CSL was established in 1916 as an Australian governmental body. In 1923, the organization made an early production of insulin, developed combined vaccine of diphtheria, tetanus andwhooping coughin 1953, pioneered the heart treatment to protect blood and plasma products from infection withHIV in 1983 and many more (Britt et al. 2013). Hence, it can be said that the company will surely achieve its mission and the statement is factual. Values of the organizations: Values of CSL: As discussed by Maitland (2013) in 2002, the company has established a set of values for the organizational operation. The values of CSL can be identified as customer focused service, innovation in operation, integrity in management, collaborative performance, the supreme quality of service (Csl.com.au, 2016). Values of Macquarie Group: As mentioned by Bouvain et al. (2013) the principals of the company can be identified as identifying opportunity and realizing them for the shareholders, supporting innovation, entrepreneurial skill and ingenuity, responsibility and accountability to the clients, honesty and integrity and follow ethical codes of conduct. Within the analysis of the SMART framework, it can be said that CSLs values are clearly specific and wholesome. As mentioned by Goetsch and Davis (2014) it includes all the aspects of organizational values (client improvement, employee care, honesty and teamwork). On the other hand, the Macquarie Groups values are to that mush specific. They do not include any target specific area to approach unlike CSL. However, in both the cases, the values are not measurable and assignable to any specific individual. They are realistic in the context of both of the companies. CSL is serving as a public company hence; they are following the values with assistance of the government. On the other hand, the evidence of Macquarie Groups value maintenance can be identified in its profitability and customer popularity. The governmental assistance is helping CSL to incorporate a employee oriented value. As mentioned by Grayson-Morison and Ramsay (2014) in 2011, the organization was awarded the Minister's Award for Outstanding Equal Employment Opportunities Initiative. Innovations in its product have placed it as world's second largest influenza vaccine company. hence, it can be said that the value statement of the company is believable indeed. On the other hand, as mentioned by Ho et al. (2015) in 2016, the CEO of Macquarie Group has been declared as; nation's highest paid CEO of a listed company as they announced a net profit after tax for the year at A$2.06 billion. Moreover, the connection of the company with the governmental authority has made it possible for them to utilize the financial opportunities. Corporate social responsibility: The CSR value of CSL can be identified as conducting the business in ethically, economically, socially and environmentally sustainable way. The areas of CSR of CSL are: research and development, high standard therapy, ethical marketing, positive working environment, patient support, and minimized environmental footprint. On the other hand, the CSR of Macquarie Group includes environmental, social and managerial commitments. As opined by Shann (2016) the company is following a guideline of carbon neutrality and reducing the carbon emission percentage. They are also focusing in building business in renewable energy sector, providing staff training, ethical conduct and promoting health and safety in work environment. Both the companys corporate social responsibility can be identified as SMART. However, the CSR activities of both the companies are hugely integrated and all encompassing. However, the CSR statements of both of the companies avoid using the period and specified responsibility. However, by discussing the CSR activities of the companies the major issues can be noticed clearly. CSL has created its personal environmental policies for performing the ecological responsibilities. Macquarie Group is also promoting the environmental issues. Moreover, the company is also following the strategy of upholding a positive work environment. Macquarie Group is also providing training to their employees for upholding positive work environment. CSL is providing community support for better health status whereas, Macquarie Group has donated 240081 $ to the government for community support (Shann 2016). Hence, it can be stated that both the companys CSR commitments are adding value to their reputations. The stakeholders: CSL: The corporate statement of CSL maintains mentioning the key personalities of the company. it is providing the names of the directors and other members of the managerial posts. Moreover, the company is also providing the names of the investors in the corporate statement as the stakeholders of the company. However, the company has also mentioned that it is a governmental setup and hence includes the national authority as one of the major stakeholders. However, the subordinate level employees have not been included as the stakeholders list of the organization in its corporate statement. As opined by Park et al. (2016) the organization is fundamentally following the bureaucratic pattern of governance. However, the organization has provided a brod range of stakeholders list in its CSR related part. It includes: patients, plasma donors, employees, shareholders, media, consumers, health professionals, in-licence partners, suppliers, policy makers, regulators and many more. Macquarie Group: On the other hand, the corporate statement of Macquarie Group has mentioned the name of the board of members. The company website has also mentioned the investors as the stakeholders of the organization. As mentioned by Allen and Pryke (2013) the company is also including some of the notable members of the governmental authority as the stakeholders. This particular company is following the structure of a corporation. Unlike, CSL, Macquarie Group has only included the directors, shareholders and the consumers as their stakeholders. CSL has a strong past of following the governmental rules regarding its operation. On the other hand, the corporate structure of Macquarie Group is assisting the company to achieve its goal since a long time. Hence, their organizational goal can be stated as a believable one and the they are adding values to the organizational profile. Conclusion: As discussed by Goetsch and Davis (2014) the different operational sectors of organizations and the governmental structure fundamentally determines the values and other aspects of them. From the above discussion, it can be said that both the companies are following the modern ethical and managerial values of the business world. As opined by Grayson-Morison and Ramsay (2014) as a governmentally controlled organization CSL is typically focusing on the customer service. It needs to focus on the profit base in a more integrated manner. On the other hand, Macquarie Group is typically following the profit-making motive. However, as mentioned by Bouvain et al. (2013) the company is genuinely following the ethical managerial strategies, it is helping them to prevent from behaving overboard regarding the operation of the company. On the hand, as opined by Ho et al. (2015) the corporate governance of the company is helping the organization to control the ethical code of conduct within the orga nization. Hence, in the conclusion, it can be stated that the both the companies are trying to achieving the best place in their operational sector. By forming their objectives in a SMART manner, they will be able to achieve this goal. References: Allen, J. and Pryke, M., 2013. Financialising household water: Thames Water, MEIF, and ring-fencedpolitics.Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society,6(3), pp.419-439. Asquer, A., 2015. Managing Challenging Organizational Change: Introducing active labour market policies in Italian public employment agencies.Public Management Review,17(6), pp.901-921. Bouvain, P., Baumann, C. and Lundmark, E., 2013. Corporate social responsibility in financial services: A comparison of Chinese and East Asian banks vis--vis American banks.International Journal of Bank Marketing,31(6), pp.420-439. Britt, H., Miller, G.C., Henderson, J., Bayram, C., Valenti, L., Harrison, C., Charles, J., Pan, Y., Zhang, C., Pollack, A.J. and O'Halloran, J., 2013.General Practice Activity in Australia 2012-13: BEACH: Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health(No. 33). Sydney University Press. Csl.com.au. 2016.CSL Limited is a global biotherapy industry leader.. [online] Available at: https://www.csl.com.au/ [Accessed 11 Aug. 2016]. Erkens, D.H., Hung, M. and Matos, P., 2012. Corporate governance in the 20072008 financial crisis: Evidence from financial institutions worldwide.Journal of Corporate Finance,18(2), pp.389-411. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Grayson-Morison, R. and Ramsay, I., 2014. Responsibilities of the Board of Directors.Company and Securities Law Journal,32(1), pp.69-77. Ho, J.A., Ang, Y.H. and Tee, K.K., 2015. Institutional corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices: the influence of leadership styles and their perceived ethics and social responsibility role.Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences Humanities,23(spec. Jan.), pp.17-32. Macquarie.com. 2016.Personal Banking Australia | Products Services For You | Macquarie. [online] Available at: https://www.macquarie.com/au [Accessed 11 Aug. 2016]. Maitland, I., 2013. CSL Australia PTY LTD v Formosa: Jurisdiction and Duty of Care.Austl. NZ Mar. LJ,27, p.18. Park, A.J., Patent, L.A., Mark, T., Diagnostics, A., Leibler, A.B., Council, A.C.B., Blood, A.R.C., Network, B., Dispatch, B., Cave, D.C. and Tohmatsu, D.T., 2016. Corporate, institute and associate members of AusBiotech.Australasian BioTechnology,26(1). Psaros, J. and Seamer, M., 2015. Ranking Corporate Governance of Australia's Top Companies: A Decade On.Australian Accounting Review,25(4), pp.405-412. Shann, E., 2016.An economic history of Australia. Cambridge University Press.

Macbeth Summary

'Macbeth' Summary William Shakespeare’s Macbeth takes place in Scotland in the 11th century AD, and it tells the story of Macbeth, thane of Glamis, and of his ambition to become king. This Shakespearian tragedy is loosely based on historical sources, namely Holinshed’s Chronicles, and there is historical documentation on several characters, including Macbeth, Duncan, and Malcolm. It’s unclear whether the character of Banquo really existed. While the Chronicles depict him as an accomplice to Macbeth’s murderous actions, Shakespeare portrays him as an innocent character. Overall, Macbeth is not known for its historical accuracy, but for the portrayal of the effects of blind ambition in people. Act I Scottish generals Macbeth and Banquo have just defeated the allied forces of Norway and Ireland, which were led by the traitorous Macdonwald. As Macbeth and Banquo wander onto a heath, they are greeted by the Three Witches, who offer them prophecies. Banquo challenges them first, so they address Macbeth: they hail him as Thane of Glamis,† his current title and then Thane of Cawdor, adding that he will also be king. Banquo then asks of his own fortunes, the witches respond enigmatically, saying that he will be less than Macbeth, yet happier, less successful, yet more. Most importantly, they tell him that he will father a line of kings, though he himself will not be one. The witches vanish soon after, and the two men wonder at these pronouncements. Then, however, another thane, Ross, arrives and informs Macbeth that he has been bestowed the title of Thane of Cawdor.  This means that the first prophecy is fulfilled, and Macbeth’s initial skepticism turns into ambition. King Duncan welcomes and praises Macbeth and Banquo, and declares that he will spend the night at Macbeths castle at  Inverness; he also names his son Malcolm as his heir. Macbeth sends a message ahead to his wife, Lady Macbeth, telling her about the witches prophecies. Lady Macbeth unwaveringly wishes for her husband to murder the king so he can usurp the throne, to the point that she answers his objections by casting doubts on his manhood. Eventually, she manages to convince him to kill the king that same night. The two get Duncans two chamberlains drunk so that the next morning they can easily blame the chamberlains for the murder.  Ã‚     Act II   Still plagued by doubts and by hallucinations, including a bloody dagger, Macbeth stabs King Duncan in his sleep. He is so upset that Lady Macbeth has to take charge, and frames Duncans sleeping servants for the murder by placing bloody daggers on them. The following morning, Lennox, a Scottish nobleman, and Macduff, the loyal Thane of Fife, arrive at Inverness, and Macduff is the one who discovers Duncans body. Macbeth murders the guards so they cannot profess their innocence, but claims he did so in a fit of anger over their misdeeds. Duncans sons Malcolm and Donalbain flee to England and Ireland, respectively, fearing they might be targets too, but their flight frames them as suspects. As a consequence, Macbeth assumes the throne as the new King of Scotland as a kinsman of the dead king. On this occasion, Banquo recalls the witches prophecy about how his own descendants would inherit the throne. This makes him suspicious of Macbeth.   Act III Meanwhile Macbeth, who remembers the prophecy concerning Banquo, remains uneasy, so he invites him to a royal banquet, where he discovers that Banquo and his young son, Fleance, will be riding out that night. Suspecting Banquo of being suspicious of him, Macbeth arranges to have him and Fleance murdered by hiring assassins, who succeed in killing Banquo, but not Fleance. This enrages Macbeth, as he fears that his power won’t be safe as long as a heir of Banquo lives.  At a banquet, Macbeth is visited by Banquos ghost who sits in Macbeths place. Macbeth’s reaction startles the guests, as the ghost is only visible to him: they see their king panicking at an empty chair. Lady Macbeth has to tell them that her husband is merely afflicted with a familiar and harmless malady. The ghost departs and returns once more, causing the same riotous anger and fear in Macbeth. This time, Lady Macbeth tells the lords to leave, and they do so.   Act IV   Macbeth pays visits to the witches again in order to learn the truth of their prophecies to him. In response to that, they conjure horrible apparitions: an armored head, which tells him to beware of Macduff;  a bloody child telling him that no one born of a woman will be able to harm him; next, a crowned child holding a tree stating that Macbeth will be safe until Great Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane Hill. Since all men are born from women and forests cannot move, Macbeth is initially relieved. Macbeth also asks whether Banquos sons will ever reign in Scotland. The witches conjure a procession of eight crowned kings, all similar in appearance to Banquo, the last one carrying a mirror reflecting even more kings: they are all Banquos descendants having acquired kingship in numerous countries. After the witches leave, Macbeth learns that Macduff has fled to England, and so Macbeth orders Macduffs castle be seized, and also sends murderers to slaughter Macduff and his family. Although Macduff is no longer there, Lady Macduff and his family are murdered  Ã‚   Act V   Lady Macbeth becomes overcome with guilt for the crimes she and her husband committed. She has taken to sleepwalking, and after entering the stage holding a candle, she laments the murders of Duncan, Banquo, and Lady Macduff, while also trying to wash off imaginary bloodstains from her hands. In England, Macduff learns of the slaughtering of his own family, and, stricken with grief, vows revenge. Together with Prince Malcolm, Duncans son, who raised an army in England, he rides to Scotland to challenge Macbeths forces against Dunsinane Castle. While encamped in Birnam Wood, the soldiers are ordered to cut down and carry tree limbs to camouflage their numbers. Part of the witches’ prophecy comes true.  Before Macbeths opponents arrive, he learns that Lady Macbeth has killed herself, causing him to sink into despair. He eventually faces Macduff, initially without fear, since he cannot be killed by any man born of woman. Macduff declares that he was from his mothers womb / Untimely rippd (V 8.15–16). The second prophecy is thus fulfilled, and Macbeth is eventually killed and beheaded by Macduff. The order is restored and Malcolm is crowned King of Scotland. As for the Witches’ prophecy concerning Banquo’s descendants, it is true in that James I of England, previously James VI of Scotland, descended from Banquo.

Platos Poesis In Republic Essays - Platonism, Dialogues Of Plato

Plato's Poesis In Republic Essays - Platonism, Dialogues Of Plato Plato's Poesis In Republic Plato's three main objections to poetry are that poetry is not ethical, philosophical or pragmatic. It is not ethical because it promotes undesirable passions, it is not philosophical because it does not provide true knowledge, and it is not pragmatic because it is inferior to the practical arts and therefore has no educational value. Plato then makes a challenge to poets to defend themselves against his criticisms. Ironically it was Plato's most famous student, Aristotle, who was the first theorist to defend literature and poetry in his writing Poetics. Throughout the Republic Plato condemns art in all forms including literature or poetry. Despite the fact that he wrote, Plato advocates the spoken word over the written word. He ranks imitation (mimetic representation) on a lower plane than narrative, even though his own works read like scripts (the Republic is written in dialogue form with characters doing all the talking). It appears as though his reasoning is that imitation of reality is not in itself bad, but imitation without understanding and reason is. Plato felt that poetry, like all forms of art, appeals to the inferior part of the soul, the irrational, emotional cowardly part. The reader of poetry is seduced into feeling undesirable emotions. To Plato, an appreciation of poetry is incompatible with an appreciation of reason, justice, and the search for Truth. To him drama is the most dangerous form of literature because the author is imitating things that he/she is not. Plato seemingly feels that no words are strong enough to condemn drama. Plato felt that all the world's evils derived from one source: a faulty understanding of reality. Miscommunication, confusion and ignorance were facets of a corrupted comprehension of what Plato always strived for - Truth. Plato is, above all, a moralist. His primary objective in the Republic is to come up with the most righteous, intelligent way to live one's life and to convince others to live this way. Everything else should conform in order to achieve this perfect State. Plato considers poetry useful only as a means of achieving this State, that is, only useful if it helps one to become a better person, and if it does not, it should be expelled from the community. Plato's question in Book X is the intellectual status of literature. He states that, the good poet cannot compose well unless he knows his subject, and he who has not this knowledge can never be a poet(Adams 33). Plato says of imitative poetry and Homer, A man is not to be reverenced more than the truth (Adams 31). Plato says this because he believes that Homer speaks of many things of which he has no knowledge, just as the painter who paints a picture of a bed does not necessarily know how to make a bed. His point is that in order to copy or imitate correctly, one must have knowledge of the original. Plato says that imitation is three degrees removed from the truth. Stories that are untrue have no value, as no untrue story should be told in the City. He states that nothing can be learned from imitative poetry. Plato's commentary on poetry in Republic is overwhelmingly negative. In books II and III Plato's main concern about poetry is that children's minds are too impressionable to be reading false tales and misrepresentations of the truth. As stated in book II, For a young person cannot judge what is allegorical and what is literal; anything that he receives into his mind at that age is likely to become indelible and unalterable; and therefore it is most important that the tales which the young first hear should be models of virtuous thought (Adams 19). He is essentially saying that children cannot tell the difference between fiction and reality and this compromises their ability to discern right from wrong. Thus, children should not be exposed to poetry so that later in life they will be able to seek the Truth without having a preconceived, or misrepresented, view of reality. Plato reasons that literature that portrays the gods as behaving in immoral ways should be kept away from children , so that they will not be influenced to act the same way.

Advantages and Disadvantages of using Open Source Software Research Paper

Advantages and Disadvantages of using Open Source Software - Research Paper Example Why prefer Open source software over proprietary software? In this text it is attempted to highlight the preference given to open source software for third world countries. As quoted by Nikesh Jauhari, besides having soaring prices the other key edges that are absent if a proprietary software is purchased are that the errors in it cannot be edited by anyone other than the developer, new features cannot be added to the software and the software cannot be scrutinized. This, however, is not the case with open source software. Third world countries are developing nations. Their per capita income is far lesser than that of the developed nations. The basic commodities that consume all the income of a person earning his livelihood in third world countries is on the basic needs like food and shelter. In order for persons to learn with technological advancements and excel in learning it is imperative that the newly invented advanced technological for them at very nominal costs. Open source so ftware plays a key role in assisting individuals in third world countries as it is AVAILABLE WITHOUT ANY COST. Moreover, organizations CAN MODIFY OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE in accordance with their modular requirements. Thus instead of purchasing a new proprietary software for each individual module open software serves the purpose with very nominal or no cost at all. This results in an over all increase in the proliferation of the economy of a country as a whole. The emerging aptitude of individuals and organizations towards open source software is clearly evident among those living in the third countries. Fredrick Noronha quotes in his article as follows: â€Å"GNU/Linux, and tons of useful software that comes along with it, is clearly attracting interest from a range of quarters. From... As quoted by Nikesh Jauhari, besides having soaring prices the other key edges that are absent if a proprietary software is purchased are that the errors in it cannot be edited by anyone other than the developer, new features cannot be added to the software and the software cannot be scrutinized. This, however, is not the case with open source software.Third world countries are developing nations. Their per capita income is far lesser than that of the developed nations. The basic commodities that consume all the income of a person earning his livelihood in third world countries is on the basic needs like food and shelter. In order for persons to learn with technological advancements and excel in learning it is imperative that the newly invented advanced technological for them at very nominal costs. Open source software plays a key role in assisting individuals in third world countries as it is AVAILABLE WITHOUT ANY COST. Moreover, organizations CAN MODIFY OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE in acco rdance with their modular requirements. The emerging aptitude of individuals and organizations towards open source software is clearly evident among those living in the third countries. Fredrick Noronha quotes in his article as follows: â€Å"GNU/Linux, and tons of useful software that comes along with it, is clearly attracting interest from a range of quarters. From Pakistan to the UNDP, from Africa to Malaysia, and even in the Philippines or Thailand and Nepal, GNU/Linux is being closely watched.†

The Challenges Faced By Organizations When Managing Information Essay

The Challenges Faced By Organizations When Managing Information Technology in a Global Business Environment - Essay Example This paper illustrates that organizations often formulate business strategies to gain competitive benefits and information technology helps in gaining competitive edge and advantage in the long run. However, managing information technology is also considered as a challenge by a number of academicians and researchers. It is often believed that with a number of benefits; there are a series of challenges in the form of managing technologies, using them efficiently, and enhancing the acceptance rate. There is no doubt that with competition as the biggest challenge; forms often try to get more benefitted and ahead of others by making effective and efficient use of technologies. The impact of information technology is hard to analyze considering the fact that it requires the thorough analysis of the firms’ productivity and value creation in last few years. Thus, the discussion revolves around analyzing the views and opinions of other researchers in a critical manner to assess the ov erall impact in last few years. For this purpose, a number of academic papers, journals, and articles have been critically analyzed to form the general and later specific conclusion. Carr stated that information technology plays an important and decisive role in transforming business strategies through innovative applications and technologies. Carr further added that few companies attain advantages from specialized applications that may not offer the strong economic incentive for replication but there is no dearth of organizations using IT for business enhancing business processes and activities. Chen, et al stated that not many organizations are successful in delivering value from the IT investment and only handful of them become successful in terms of delivering value and business benefits.

Public Health of the Developing Country of South Africa Essay Example for Free

Public Health of the Developing Country of South Africa Essay Abstract Studies and statistics have put the cost of one year requirement of standard essential medicines needed for the treatment of AIDS at $ 4000 to $ 6000 in developing countries like South Africa. This cost puts the medicines out of the reach of most of the people infected by HIV in the developing countries. In order to make the medicines available to all the needy people the cost should have been at least 95 percent less. The exorbitant price is because of the cost of the patents. The drugs protected by the intellectual property rights were required to treat diseases like Tuberculosis, in addition to the treatments of HIV/AIDS. Such drugs also included Hepatitis-B Vaccine. There has been a continuous criticism by the social activists and other public health associations, of the action by the World Trade Organization in making the developing countries implement the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement which deals with the protection of Intellectual Property rights relating to the essential drugs. They have also been condemning the attitude of the multinational companies in indulging in excessive lobbying to insist on the implementation of the IP rights protection which will have the effect of enhancing their earnings by charging exorbitant prices for the drugs and for putting the essential drugs and health care beyond the affordability of scores of people in the developing nations including South Africa. However under such circumstances the relationship between the government of South Africa and the international pharmaceutical companies had not been a conducive one – thanks to the implementation of the provisions of TRIPS Agreement. On the decision of the South African Government to pass the Medicines and Related Substances Amendment Act in the year 1997, 39 drug companies joined to initiate legal action against the government. The plea of the drug companies is that the Act gave too much freedom of action to the Health Minister and he acted beyond the legitimate interpretation of TRIPS. It was the endeavour of South Africa to make life saving drugs available at affordable prices. The country wanted to effectively utilize the compulsory licensing opportunities opened by TRIPS so that the prices of the drugs could be put under check. But since the action of the government posed a threat to the earning capacity of the international pharmaceutical companies they went to the extent of entering into litigation with the government of South Africa. Introduction TRIPS (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) under the authority of the WTO were founded to protect worldwide intellectual property rights. The agreements, governing not only more general intellectual property rights but also those of the pharmaceutical industry, are fairly stringent causing many problems for developing countries especially South Africa which is being ravaged by epidemics which includes AIDS. According to a statistical survey by United Nations[1] 20 percent of the adult population in South Africa tests positive for HIV. The impact of the disease is such that the more than half a million children have been declared orphans. It is also reported that HIV/AIDS related diseases expect to reduce the average life expectancy in South Africa by 20 years in the year 2010. Therefore it can be inferred that the provision of treatment of HIV/AIDS in South Africa is a high priority issue[2]. It has been necessary for South Africa to circumvent part of the TRIPS agreements in an effort to protect its population.   AIDS is taking great toll of the country leaving families without parents and health care hospitals totally unable to cope. The United States currently insists on the TRIPS agreement being strictly adhered to and seems unable, or unwilling, to find a way to help the developing nations with this problem. There have been some efforts made to help them in this respect, for example compulsory licensing and parallel pricing and these methods will be examined in a later section. The negotiation of the TRIPS Agreement has been construed as one that was forcibly introduced by the developing countries against the objection of many of the developing nations. The industrial lobbies (multinational and transnational corporations) have convinced the governments of the developed countries to link the international trade with Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) so that the industrial advancement of the developing countries would be curtailed. This would automatically prevent imitation of technologies and increase the returns on research and development for the developed countries. Monopoly rights granted under IPR were mainly intended to deter the developing countries from advancing on the industrialization. Thus TRIPS Agreement and the protection of IPR have been used to ensure the comparative advantage of the developed countries in terms of the technological development. Under TRIPS countries like India, Brazil which manufactures generic medicines would not have the right to export such medicines with effect from 01 January 2005. This is so despite the fact that the importing countries do have the respective patents covering the drugs. Specifically the least developing countries have put a strong resistance to the requirements of TRIPS especially in the matter of granting the protection rights for the products and processes. While developing countries were required to implement the provisions within one year of reaching the Agreement, the developing countries were given time until the end of the year 2004. In the matter of protection of rights of pharmaceutical products the lease developing countries have been allowed to delay the implementation of TRIPS Agreement provisions till the year 2016. The peculiarity with the provisions of TRIPS is that it allows any country to override the patent right under certain specific circumstances by using the compulsory licensing procedure. For instance when there is a shortage of drugs or the prices of the drugs are too high to make them unaffordable the country can override the patent if the prescribed procedures are followed. This provision of TRIPS presupposes that all the countries do possess the required manufacturing facilities which enable them to use the provisions to produce generic medicines under extraordinary circumstances. But unfortunately many of the developing and least developing countries do not posses such facilities, and hence they would be left with shortage of such drugs. In addition they are also not allowed to import the generics from those countries that possess them. In any case these countries do not have enough power and administrative capabilities to invoke the TRIPS Agreement either due to the reason that they do not possess the know-how required to reengineer the drugs or they fear sanctions from the US and the West[3]. TRIPS Agreement under WTO The TRIPS Agreement is often thought of as one of the three â€Å"pillars† of the WTO (World Trade Organization), trade in goods and services being the other two.[4] TRIPS, initially part of GATT. But becoming part of the WTO brief, was founded to ensure that protection of intellectual property rights was not, of itself, an obstruction to trade and to increase cooperation between members. Under the TRIPS agreement each member state has an obligation to treat all other member states equally. The WTO negotiates between members and helps them to understand and carry out the rules and regulations they have signed up to. It also aids cooperation between members and acts as a watchdog to ensure that the agreement is adhered to. Marketing rights of a patent, when first applied for, are given for a period of 5 years or until the patent is finally approved (whichever is the shorter period) but even during this period members must comply with the rules and regulations as set out in Articles 3 and 4. Because of the nature of the agreement especially as regards pharmaceuticals, it was decided that minimum standards could be used, the USA prefers the higher standards but accepts the minimum as the developing world does not have the capacity to work to the higher standards at the present time. Public awareness of the serious issue of AIDS and other diseases has led to the belief   (by the WTO) that health must, in the final analysis, come before agreements since the spread of AIDS cannot be the sole responsibility of one country. In trying to bridge the gap between the pharmaceutical companies and the developing nations, TRIPS has endeavoured to bring the two sides together by allowing extensions to drugs’ patents but has also allowed some compulsory licensing. Article 3(a) under the TRIPS Agreement states that treatment of all members must be equal,   but Article 3(b) is a get-out clause and Article 4(b) states that all members are equal, unless an †¦agreement was entered into before the WTO agreement.   However, the Council for TRIPS must be informed of any non-observance of Article 3(a) under Article 3(b). The TRIPS Agreement ensures that members discharge their commitments to the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). Part of the United Nations WIPO was set up in 1974 specifically to direct international treaties and agreements. The Paris Convention on Industrial Property and the Berne Convention on Copyright, two of the major treaties have been brought under the TRIPS umbrella.   The former states that â€Å"members must comply with the obligations they have towards each other† and â€Å"nothing must stand in the way of such obligations†.  Ã‚   However, as noted, there is a get-out clause in cases of emergency which has to be acknowledged by members to the agreements. There is also an agreement that member countries monitor each other for infringements.   Most important in terms of worldwide health problems is Article 67 of TRIPS which states   that developed countries must assist developing countries with the development of their intellectual property rights, it states: â€Å"In order to facilitate the implementation of this Agreement developed country Members shall provide, on request and mutually agreed terms and conditions, technical and financial cooperation in favour of developing and least-developed country members† â€Å"Such cooperation shall include assistance in the preparation of laws and regulations on the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights as well as on the prevention of their abuse, and shall include support regarding the establishment or reinforcement of domestic offices and agencies relevant to these matters, including the training of personnel.†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Programmes to assist the developing nations have already been promoted and are being assisted by the WTO secretariat and WIPO. TRIPS Agreement in Relation to Medicines   Since most pharmaceutical research and development is carried out in developed countries the organisations involved feel that they should be better protected.   Most drugs cost millions and take years to test and develop before being allowed onto the market, the industry naturally want returns by way of profits on sales. AIDS medication has been a particularly important breakthrough since: ‘HIV infects an estimated 45 million persons worldwide†Ã‚   but there are also â€Å"†¦1.86 billion cases of infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis†[5] therefore, it is imperative that something be done to help alleviate this type of suffering which, with the ever growing number of tourists, should be the concern of not only those countries in which these epidemics are raging but every nation whose borders are open to travel from other countries. The TRIPS agreement, currently, seems to err on the side of the drugs’ companies, probably because they have such powerful lobbies and are part of the new world-wide elite of corporations which, according to Janet Dine, are increasingly importing their own ethics into the developing countries and virtually taking over, creating in the process an impoverished and unhealthy nation, they, the indigenous population have to take what is offered often at less than subsistence wages and become more dependant on the corporations who have moved into their countries in search of ever increasing profits. The money the corporations make from taking over in developing countries returns, not to the people of that region, but to their own countries.  Ã‚   With tax incentives and a population who take any work they can get to survive at the lowest rates offered, these Corporations appear to be fuelling a crisis in health for some of the poorest nations in the world.[6] Although The TRIPS agreement does allow for compulsory licensing in an emergency, each country must first negotiate with rights’ holders and must use those drugs obtained under such a license only for the emergency period and not for any commercial gain. Specific areas, such as South Africa, are going through a health crisis which needs the drugs already available to ameliorate it, however, in spite of clause 3(b), they are getting no further forward in their fight to help their citizens to overcome unprecedented death rates that the epidemics are producing. In spite of Articles 30/31, which allow for compulsory licensing, the poorest and least developed nations are fighting against the cost of the use of patents and the epidemics themselves. Compulsory licensing does not adequately cover the needs of such nations in   â€Å"sub-Saharan Africa since they do not have facilities to manufacture their own drugs.†[7] Protection of intellectual property is not part of the culture of many countries, nevertheless, the TRIPS Agreement was signed on 15th April 1994 by 117 nations. The agreement allows intellectual property rights to be â€Å"enforced by trade sanctions†[8] and, although some countries were not in complete agreement, international trade is vital to their economic growth so, however reluctantly, they signed.   Inhibitors, which have done much to control AIDS in the west, cost as much as $10.000 per head annually but international trade is the life blood of developing nations therefore they had little choice but to do so.[9] 4. TRIPS and Developing Countries It has been observed that implementing TRIPS Agreement and recognizing IPR on pharmaceutical products and processes would result in the following problems to the developing countries[10]: The minimum 20 years protection to the IPR would grant a virtual monopoly for a pharmaceutical company over its patented drug and the company would be able to charge exorbitant prices on the drugs without competition which in turn would keep the drug prices very high during the period of protection. It is also not possible to bring any generic equivalent into the market due to the TRIPS Agreement. This would deny the patients cheaper alternative drugs. The product and process patents provide for the protection of the product as well as the technology. Under the TRIPS Agreement the countries are given the right to make application for the protection of patent rights on drugs for a period extending up to twenty years. After the expiation of this period the countries can get the protection extended for further periods to the processes being employed in the manufacture of the drugs. This no doubt creates a monopoly situation on the drugs. Such protection also throw the domestic pharmaceutical producers in the developing countries out of market as they have to compete with large multinational pharmaceutical manufacturers which is not possible for small producers in the developing nations who use cheaper generic alternatives. Moreover such production may not be carried out by them during the 20 year protection period. Under TRIPS Agreement patent rights need to be granted irrespective of the fact that the products are imported or domestically manufactured[11]. This implies that the transnational corporations can supply global markets under the monopoly of patent rights even without producing any medicines in the developing countries by simply importing them into the developing countries. There will be no flow of technology or foreign direct investments into the developing countries as envisaged by the WTO However under Article 66 of the TRIPS the least developed countries were allowed to postpone the application of the provisions relating to the patents for a period of 10 years on specific application.[12] 5. Exceptions to the Patent Protection of Pharmaceuticals    Parallel importing – implying that the developing counties are allowed to import the drugs from the cheaper markets for resale in their respective countries and thereby lower the prices of drugs. Compulsory licensing – under compulsory licensing scheme, the government acting through the courts of law is empowered to provide a license in favor of a third party. Such license may be granted by the government even without the prior consent of the license holder. However the compulsory licensing can be resorted to in cases of national emergencies. The license may also be compulsorily transferred to a third party in case of an extremely emergent situation or where there are circumstances implying any anti-competitive movements by the manufacturers. The compulsory licensing is resorted to by the governments to make the drugs easily available to the poor and needy people at affordable costs. It also ensures that the patent holder is provided adequate compensation for use of the patent. 6. Public Health in South Africa and the Impact of TRIPS Agreement The need for cheaper drugs in South Africa can not be undermined. The impact of AIDS in the country poses the situation of an extreme emergency forcing the implementation TRIPS. The economy of South Africa is likely to get affected by a reduction of 1 percent every year because of the work force getting disintegrated. It is estimated that the life expectancy would be lowered to 50 years in 2010 from 70 years currently. These threats to the economy and population growth would as well be a threat to ‘peace and order’ situations in the country of South Africa[13]. In this context all the problems enumerated above for the developing nations have been faced by South Africa also. In addition when the government wanted to implement the Medicines and Related Substances Control Bill, the US Government vehemently objected to the passing of the law which allowed for parallel importing and compulsory licensing. However amidst lot of pressure on the government and the Parliament the South African government enacted the law in the year 1997.The pharmaceutical lobby backed by the transnational companies in the South Africa not only filed a suit against the promulgation of the law but also indulged in negotiations and threats   to the government to change its stand. The pressure was intense after the year 1997 when the South African government tried to implement a number of policy measures to lower the prices of drugs used in public health. â€Å"The SA policies have focused on such issues as mandatory generic drug substitution, restrictions on inappropriate marketing efforts, registration of generic versions of the cancer drug Paclitaxel (sold as Taxol by Bristol-Myers Squibb), parallel-imports, and compulsory licensing†[14]. It may be noted that despite Article 31 of the TRIPS Agreement that provides for the parallel importing and compulsory licensing the transnational pharmaceutical companies have vehemently opposed the attempts by developing countries like South Africa taking measures for implementing parallel importing and compulsory licensing as these practices would allow these countries to have their requirements of the medicines at cheaper prices which in turn would affect the profits of these transnational companies[15]. It was after the intervention of the AIDS activists and health activists that US came to an understanding in the issue. The government of South Africa insisted that it retains all the original provisions defending its position be retained. The government also wanted to make the fullest use of compulsory licensing and parallel importing which were considered as detrimental to the interests of the American Transnational Companies[16]. How American Corporations Control the Business World A- Business lobbies: Large and small businesses in the United States have been organised into various associations, for example Business Round Tables are national Associations which include membership of the Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) of all the most important trans-national companies and the National Chamber of Commerce includes all sizes of firms.[17] Round Tables have been in existence since 1972, the first was formed by forty-two of the (then) biggest and most important U.S. companies including banks, retailers, Insurance, transport and most of the utilities’ companies. They were designed to enable business to proceed without the destructive competitive basis of the business world. They were described as: â€Å"An association of chief executive officers who examine public issues that affect the economy and develop positions which seek to reflect sound economic and social principles. †¦ the Roundtable was founded in the belief that business executives should take an increased role in the continuing debates about public policy.†[18] The raison d’etre for these firms was the idea that ‘what ever is good for business is good for the American people’. They argued that, employees, purchasers, suppliers etc all have an interest in a business. These associations, they say, represent a cross section of the American public.[19] The idea that ‘what is good for business is good for America’ is patently nonsense since most people are in fact excluded from any rights in this elite world.  Ã‚   Employees have little or no say in the running of their firms and consumers must pay the prices asked, they do have the right ‘not to buy’ which is a somewhat negative view of the process of inclusiveness. David C Korten says that most of the memberships of the Round Tables are confined to white males over the age of 50 whose salaries are enormous. They do not, as claimed, consider that what is good for business is good for America but rather endeavour to maximise their own profits and those of their shareholders by seeking to globalise in areas where they can have an almost free hand to carry out their business practices almost unhindered by the laws of any country they move into. [20] Free Trade has long been an ideal of the American Corporate world which is why the Round Tables campaigned vigorously for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA and created USA-NAFTA to front their interests, the American public, nervous at so much control in so few hands, have been given country-wide blanket assurances through the media.   In spite of the fact that NAFTA was supposed to be a really broad church of interests it is really part of the elite Round Table Associations and has many representatives on advisory committees. The country might have been even more nervous if they had realised that at the time of the creation of these Round Tables the major companies were in fact laying aside their competitive differences to â€Å"reach a consensus on issues of social and economic policy for America†.[21] B- Influence of U.S. Democracy Janet Dine claims â€Å"no single idea is more deeply embedded in modern culture than the belief that economic growth is the key to meeting most important human needs, including alleviating poverty and protecting the environment† [22] which accounts for the greatest growth area in Washington being public relations firms. These firms work hard to protect the images of their corporate clients against a rising tide of discontent which is now manifesting itself throughout the world. It could be thought that they are fighting a losing battle but â€Å"the top fifty public relations firms billed over $1.7 billion dollars in 1991†[23] which gives rise to the question, why are these PR firms so necessary? There is probably no single answer to this question but very little news is given directly to the public without some corporate employee looking at the effect it will have, news and advertising, according to Korten, are almost synonymous.[24] The political system of America has greatly changed in the post war period of more general affluence. The Democratic party has lost its basic identity   the party of the people – as opposed to the Republicans who have always represented business and the wealthier side of the electorate – this being so the Democrats are far more dependant on the need to raise funds for their electioneering and have turned to the corporations who inevitably want quid pro quo for their donations. The mass media are heavily behind the elitist values of corporate America and the amount they are able to pay to PR firms to put across an extremely one-sided policy and both the leading parties needing the financial backing of corporate America, this, says David C Korten, â€Å"This is the sorry state of American democracy†.[25]   He says that voters tend to be seen as a passive homogeneous mass of potential customers who can be told not only what to buy but also what to think and feel.   What is worse, this idea of corporations is spreading, many trans-national companies rely heavily on the corporate idealism of what is good for them is good for the people they sell to.   Mexico and Japan both use those same American firms to tell their populations what they should think and feel and ultimately what they should buy. C- American Democracy   for Sale: â€Å"The Mexican government spent upwards of $25 million and hired many of the leading Washington lobbyists to support its campaign for NAFTA. †¦ Japanese corporations were spending an estimated $100 million a year on political lobbying in the United States and another $300 million building a nationwide grassroots political network to influence public opinion†. [26] Canada, Britain and the Netherlands’ governments employ public relations’ firms in America to help them lobby and draft laws that will be favourable to the business elites in their own countries. These companies try to sell the idea of ‘corporate libertarianism’ [27]which is supposed to allay the fears of those who have an idea that all is not well in the corporate world of business, it is possible to claim that these corporations are in fact in the act of ‘taking over the world’ and with the resources piling up behind them it could well happen in the not too distant future. The United States and Higher Levels of Protection. To add to this theme of a world take-over by corporate America, the signatories to TRIPS have begun to rethink intellectual property protection.[28] This is bad news for those under-developed countries which rely on drugs from the western world to protect their citizens from ravaging epidemics. Rosalyn S Park says: â€Å"Poor, developing nations have been most affected by the patent protection laws and resulting high drug prices, yet these nations also harbor the highest number of HIV-positive people. Consequently, the vast majority of people in need of HIV/AIDS medicines simply cannot afford them†. [29] In 2006 new protection laws will come into force which all members must adhere to. This will have a devastating effect on the millions of people in countries too poor to have their own drugs’ businesses, they will become more reliant upon those better protected, developed countries making vast profits from the countries least able to pay. Neither the USA nor the European Union appear greatly interested in aiding those countries with the greatest needs and the least ability to pay.   Admittedly concessions have been made as regards agricultural and textile concessions but this has been at the cost of allowing higher property rights which is a swings-and-round-a-bouts situation.   It would be much more useful to South Africa specifically and to the developing world in general, if the costs of patented drugs could be either brought down or, as a common sense gesture of good will, eliminated completely until such time as the AIDS epidemic was at least brought down to manageable proportions. In spite of â€Å"several different types of drugs on the market which help combat AIDS and AIDS related illnesses†[30] not enough are getting through to the developing countries as the multinationals are still insisting on not just the status quo as regards intellectual property rights but even higher levels.[31] They appear to be driven only by the profit motive and the perceived necessity for free trade paying little attention to the suffering caused in the developing world. Nor are they taking a long term view, highly contagious diseases are rife in the developing world, therefore, with the modern freedom of travel, no country can ever be safe from the same epidemics.   Even with modern drugs to combat them, new strains will develop, new drugs will have to be found and costs will escalate. Drugs now exist which allow people with AIDS to live a reasonably normal life including returning to work, it would in fact be in the interests of the drugs’ companies to allow South Africa to use them, dead people have no use for drugs nor anything else that the multi-nationals may wish to sell them. Conclusion The TRIPS Agreement was a milestone in patent protection of intellectual property rights and was considered to be a financial safeguard for research investment, however, it also had the effect of pricing some pharmaceuticals out of the reach of many nations most in need of the most recently patented medicines.   Before the TRIPS agreement, governments had been able to make compulsory licence orders to produce drugs at lower prices in their own countries, after the agreement, although still possible, it is much more difficult and thus more difficult to protect their citizens from the epidemics which are wreaking havoc in their countries. It is important to protect intellectual property rights but it is far more important to protect people’s lives but the balance currentlppears to be largely towards the greater protection of pharmaceutical industries. TRIPS allows compulsory licensing and parallel pricing but underdeveloped countries such as South Africa are being prevented from using them because of the threat of trade sanctions and trade is vital to their economies. It is necessary to protect peoples’ work and investment and research must be encouraged especially into life-threatening diseases. Corporations who invest time and money into producing drugs to cope with these scourges should reap the rewards of their labour.   However, many drugs’ companies are seeing such enormous returns on their investments that concessions should be made to underdeveloped countries which so desperately need the medications produced by these huge giants of industry. In spite of concessions in the TRIPS agreement, corporations do appear to be protected at the expense of people’s lives. Public health should be and is a priority in the west where governments can afford to buy the health of their citizens. Unfortunately, this is not the case in the poorer, less developed countries where governments are struggling to find ways to access drugs and yet to maintain a healthy trading relationship with the countries which hold the patents to these drugs. Good health is the basic right of every citizen of every country wherever possible. More goodwill is necessary on the part of the western world and America in particular to allow compulsory licensing and parallel pricing to be used without the threat of trade sanctions.  Ã‚   Epidemics do not respect borders, they can be carried by people to all corners the world, what was a third world problem yesterday is our problem today, world health is an issue that no country can ignore therefore although corporations must be allowed fair returns on their investments it must not be at the expense of world health. It is quite apparent that TRIPS Agreement has not taken into account the public health needs of the developing nations while formulating the clauses relating to the protection of IPR in respect of pharmaceutical needs. The Agreement has not specified any particular obligations towards those governments granting the IPR for pharmaceutical products. The Agreement has also not considered the need for public health in the developing countries and grossly ignored the interests of the patients of these countries. There are a number of factors that the developing countries have to take into account including the implication of the TRIPS Agreement and the patent protection under the Agreement in the provision of medical facilities and adequate public health to the people of the respective developing countries. â€Å"At the end of the day it must be recognized that the poorer residents of the world’s least affluent nations cannot pay even the marginal cost of drugs that might save their lives or permit them to become productive workers†[32]. Bibliography    Conceicao Soares (2007)‘The HIV/AIDS crisis and corporate moral responsibility in the light of the Levinasian notions of proximity and the Third’ Business Ethics: A European Review Vol. 16 No 3 p 280 David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Earthscan Publication Ltd. London, p.144 Duane Nash, â€Å"†¦VI, Foreign International Law South Africa’s Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Act of 1997† 15 Berkeley Tech. L J. 485(lexis) Fact Sheet ‘Developing Countries’ Transition Periods’ http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/factsheet_pharm04_e.htm#pharmsandags p1 F.M. Scherer and Jayashree Watal ‘Post-Trips Options for Access to Patented Medicines in Developing Nations’ Journal of International Economic Law (2002) p 939 Janet Dine, The Governance of Corporate Groups, Cambridge University Press, 2000.p.157 J H Reichman, The TRIPS Agreement Comes of Age: Conflict or Cooperation with the Developing Countries? P.6 John A. Harrelson, â€Å" IV. Note: Trips, Pharmaceutical Patents, and the HIV/AIDS Crisis: Finding the Proper Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and Compassion† 7 Wid. L. Symp. J . 175(lexis) Kara M. Bombach ‘The South African Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Bill and TRIPS’ http://academic.udayton.edu/health/06world/africa01.htm p1 Lisa Foreman (2007)‘Trade Rules, Intellectual Property and the Right to Health’ Comparative Program in Health and Society Munk Centre for International Studies University of Toronto Ethics International Affairs Vol. 21 No3 p 342 Louise Sylvan ‘TRIPS: Protecting Intellectual Property or Putting Profits Before People’ Online Opinion http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=1968   p1 Medecins sans Frontieres (1999) Access to HIV/AIDS medicines in Thailand, Medecins sans Frontieres Report to the National AIDS Committee of Thailand, August 1999, MSF website, www.accessmed-msf.org/msf/accessmed/accessmed.nsf/html/4DTS2? Open Document.p1 N.B. Zaveri (1999) Success often comes to those who dare and act, paper presented at Brainstorming Workshop on WTO Agreements and Peoples Concerns, New Delhi, Oct/Nov 1999 p1 Patric Bond ‘US Policy toward South Africa and Access to Pharmaceutical Drugs’ Alternative Information and Development Centre http://www.aidc.org.za/?q=book/view/156 p1 Ross Brennan and Paul Baines (2005) ‘Is there a morally right price for anti-retroviral drugs in the developing world’ Business Ethics: A European Review Vol. 15 No 1 p32 Rosalyn S Park, The International Drug Industry: What the Future Holds for South Africa’s HIV/AIDS Patients, Minnesota Journal of Global Trade, p.3 Z. Mirza (1999) WTO/TRIPS, pharmaceuticals and health: impacts and strategies, The Networks Drug Bulletin, Sept-Dec 1999, Vol. 8, No. 5/6, Association for Rational Use of Medication in Pakistan p 27       [1] United Nations (2004) Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Geneva: United Nations [2] Ross Brennan and Paul Baines (2005) ‘Is there a morally right price for anti-retroviral drugs in the developing world’ Business Ethics: A European Review Vol. 15 No 1 p 32 [3] Conceicao Soares (2007)‘The HIV/AIDS crisis and corporate moral responsibility in the light of the Levinasian notions of proximity and the Third’ Business Ethics: A European Review Vol. 16 No 3 p 280 [4] www.wto.org (Frequently asked questions about TRIPS in the WTO). [5] Duane Nash, â€Å"†¦VI, Foreigh International Law South Africa’s Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Act of 1997† 15 Berkeley Tech. L J. 485(lexis) [6] Janet Dine, The Governance of Corporate Groups, Cambridge University Press, 2000.p.157 [7] John A. Harrelson, â€Å" IV. Note: Trips, Pharmaceutical Patents, and the HIV/AIDS Crisis: Finding the Proper Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and Compassion† 7 Wid. L. Symp. J . 175(lexis) [8] Ibid [9] Ibid [10] Z. Mirza (1999) WTO/TRIPS, pharmaceuticals and health: impacts and strategies, The Networks Drug Bulletin, Sept-Dec 1999, Vol. 8, No. 5/6, Association for Rational Use of Medication in Pakistan p 27 [11] Medecins sans Frontieres (1999) Access to HIV/AIDS medicines in Thailand, Medecins sans Frontieres Report to the National AIDS Committee of Thailand, August 1999, MSF website, www.accessmed-msf.org/msf/accessmed/accessmed.nsf/html/4DTS2? Open Document. p1 [12] Fact Sheet ‘Developing Countries’ Transition Periods’ http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/factsheet_pharm04_e.htm#pharmsandags p1 [13] Kara M. Bombach ‘The South African Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Bill and TRIPS’ http://academic.udayton.edu/health/06world/africa01.htm p1 [14] Patric Bond ‘US Policy toward South Africa and Access to Pharmaceutical Drugs’   Alternative Information and Development Centre  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.aidc.org.za/?q=book/view/156   p1 [15] Louise Sylvan ‘TRIPS: Protecting Intellectual Property or Putting Profits Before People’ Online Opinion http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=1968 p1 [16] N.B. Zaveri (1999) Success often comes to those who dare and act, paper presented at Brainstorming Workshop on WTO Agreements and Peoples Concerns, New Delhi, Oct/Nov 1999 p1 [17] David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Earthscan Publication Ltd. London, p.144 [18] Ibid [19] Ibid [20] David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Earthscan Publication Ltd. London, p.144 [21] Ibid [22] Janet Dine, The Governance of Corporate Groups, Cambridge University Press, 2000.p.156 [23] David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Earthscan Publication Ltd. London, p.146 [24] Ibid [25] David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Earthscan Publication Ltd. London, p.147 [26] Ibid [27] David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Earthscan Publication Ltd. London,pp.147-148 [28] Rosalyn S Park, The International Drugs Industry: What the Future Holds for South Africa’s HIV/AIDS   Patients, Minnesota Journal of Global Trade, 2002.p.1 [29] Ibid [30] Rosalyn S Park, Minnesota Journal of Global Trade, 2000, p.2 [31] J H Reichman, The TRIPS Agreement Comes of Age: Conflict or Cooperation with the Developing Countries? P.6 [32] F.M. Scherer and Jayashree Watal ‘Post-Trips Options for Access to Patented Medicines in Developing Nations’ Journal of International Economic Law (2002)   p 939